Study on the Northern Races and the Conquest Dynasties, 10th-18th Centuries
The Northern Races (Khitan, Tangut, Jurchen, Mongol, Manchu) and the conquest dynasties they founded—i.e., Liao, Western Xia, Jin, Yuan, Qing—were often considered “barbarians” that invaded and destroyed advanced neighboring cultures. The northern peoples, drawing on their commanding military power comprising of superior cavalry, built huge empires extending across Inner Asia, including not only China but also Manchuria and Mongolia. Nevertheless, they were seen as having lost their identities, having assimilated into the “advanced” culture of the people(s) they had conquered. Thus, regarded as having been absorbed by China, the Northern Races have come to be considered “ethnic minorities” comprising the “Chinese nation,” and their conquest dynasties as stages in the dynastic history of “China.”However, approaching Chinese history from the framework of linear progression or cultural assimilation distorts the nature of the history of the Northern Races and the conquest dynasties. To ove
Peter Yun Professor, Youngsan University